![]() Hypnosis is considered safe when performed by a health professional trained in hypnotherapy.A 2012 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that acupuncture, hypnotherapy, and aversive smoking increased smoking abstinence, but the patient population in the analysis was small and reports of smoking cessation were not validated by bio-chemical means.They concluded that there is not enough evidence to show whether hypnotherapy could be as effective as counseling treatment. The authors found that hypnotherapy did not have a greater effect on 6-month quit rates than other interventions or no treatment. A 2010 Cochrane review of 11 studies compared hypnotherapy with 18 different control interventions.The study found that hypnotherapy patients were more likely than nicotine replacement therapy patients to be nonsmokers at 12 weeks and 26 weeks after hospitalization. A 2014 randomized controlled trial of 164 patients hospitalized with cardiac or pulmonary illness compared the efficacy of hypnotherapy alone, as well as hypnotherapy with nicotine replacement therapy, to conventional nicotine replacement therapy alone.There is some evidence to suggest that hypnotherapy may improve smoking cessation, but data are not definitive. There have been rare reports that meditation could cause or worsen symptoms in people who have certain psychiatric problems, but this question has not been fully researched.Meditation is considered to be safe for healthy people.Results of brain imaging showed increased activity for the meditation group in the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex. In another 2013 study, a 2-week course of meditation (5 hours in total) produced a significant reduction in smoking, compared to a relaxation training control. In addition, the brain imaging results indicated that mindful attention reduced neural activity in a craving-related region of the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. In a 2013 study, participants’ self-reported results demonstrated that mindful attention reduced cravings. The findings suggest that reduction in stress reactivity may be one of the underlying mechanisms of mindfulness-based treatments. These same regions also differentiated between treatment groups such that the mindfulness training group showed lower stress reactivity compared to the cognitive behavioral treatment group. In a 2017 study of 23 participants who completed either mindfulness training or cognitive behavioral treatment for smoking cessation, the researchers found that stress reactivity in several brain regions including the amygdala and anterior/mid insula was related to reductions in smoking after treatment. Several studies have used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the effects of mindful attention on the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex in smokers, the areas of the brain associated with cravings and self-control.However, another 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 randomized controlled trials of mindfulness meditation for smoking cessation found that overall, mindfulness meditation did not have significant effects on abstinence or cigarettes per day, relative to comparator groups. ![]() A 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials involving a total of 474 smokers found that that 25.2 percent of participants in the mindfulness group remained abstinent for more than 4 months compared to 13.6 percent of those who received usual care therapy.In some studies, the mindfulness-based programs produced better results in others, results with the two types of programs were similar. Several studies have compared mindfulness meditation-based quit-smoking programs with conventional counseling programs.
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